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Beck Hopelessness Scale
The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) is a 20-item self-report inventory developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck that was designed to measure three major aspects of hopelessness: feelings about the future, loss of motivation, and expectations.〔Beck A.T. (1988). "Beck Hopelessness Scale." The Psychological Corporation.〕 The test is designed for adults, age 17-80. It measures the extent of the respondent's negative attitudes, or pessimism, about the future. It may be used as an indicator of suicidal risk in depressed people who have made suicide attempts. The test is multiple choice. It is not designed for use as a measure of the hopelessness construct but has been used as such. Sufficient data about the use of the test with those younger than 17 has not been collected. It may be administered and scored by paraprofessionals; but must be used and interpreted only by clinically trained professionals, who can employ psychotherapeutic interventions. Norms are available for suicidal patients and depressed patients and drug abusers.〔Educational Testing Services. (1992). "The ets test collection catalog: Affective measures and personality tests", Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.〕
==Validity==
The BHS moderately correlates with the Beck Depression Inventory, although research shows that the BDI is better suited for predicting suicidal ideation behavior.〔Aiken, L.R. (2002) "Psychological Testing and Assessment." New York: Allyn & Bacon.〕 The internal reliability coefficients are reasonably high (Pearson r= .82 to .93 in seven norm groups), but the BHS test-retest reliability coefficients are modest (.69 after one week and .66 after six weeks).〔
Dowd 〔Dowd, E.T. (1992). "Review of the Beck Hopelessness Scale." ''Eleventh Mental Measurement Yearbook,'' 81-82〕 and Owen〔Owen, S.V. (1992) "Review of the Beck Hopelessness Scale." ''Eleventh Mental Measurement Yearbook,'' 82-83〕 both positively reviewed the effectiveness of the instrument, with Dowd concluding that the BHS was "a well-constructed and validated instrument, with adequate reliability." 〔
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